<text><span class="style10">ptics (1 of 5)</span><span class="style7">Optics is the branch of physics that deals with the high-frequency electromagnetic waves that we call light. Optics is concerned with the way in which light propagates from sources to detectors via intermediate lenses, mirrors and other modifying elements. The electromagnetic spectrum includes a wide range of waves in addition to light, light being that small part of the spectrum that can be detected by the human eye.This region, with wavelengths from 700 manometers (nm; 1 nm = 10-9 m) in the red region to 400 nm in the violet, is extended for practical optical systems into the ultraviolet and the mid-infrared regions. For many purposes light can be treated as a classical wave phenomenon, but some effects can only be described by using the full quantum theory.A </span><span class="style26">beam</span><span class="style7"> of light may be considered to be made up of many </span><span class="style26">rays</span><span class="style7">, all traveling outwards from the source. This approach is used in ray diagrams. In geometric simplifications, as in the diagrams used here, rays of light are drawn as straight lines. The wavelength and amplitude of light waves are very short compared to the other dimensions of the systems. The basic concept is very simple: light travels in straight lines unless it is reflected by a mirror or refracted by a lens or prism.A point source of light emits rays in all directions. For an isolated point source in a vacuum the geometric wavefront will be a sphere. The variation of the speed of light in different materials must be taken into account - the speed of light (as of other electromagnetic waves) in a vacuum is 3 x 10 to the power of 8 m s-1 (300 000 km or 186 000 miles per second), but it travels more slowly through other media. Light waves have transverse magnetic and electric fields.</span><span class="style10">Reflection and refraction</span><span class="style7">Light is reflected and refracted (i.e. bent) in the same way as other waves. Diagram 1 shows a monochromatic (single-color) beam of light falling or </span><span class="style26">incident upon</span><span class="style7"> a transparent material such as a block of glass. Angle </span><span class="style26">i</span><span class="style7"> is the angle of </span><span class="style26">incidence</span><span class="style7"> of the beam. Part of the beam is reflected at an angle </span><span class="style26">t</span><span class="style7">, the angle of </span><span class="style26">reflection</span><span class="style7">; and part is transmitted according to the law of refraction, and </span><span class="style26">r</span><span class="style7"> is the angle of </span><span class="style26">refraction</span><span class="style7">.Snell's law of refraction can be stated as: </span><span class="style26">n</span><span class="style7">1 sin </span><span class="style26">i</span><span class="style7"> = </span><span class="style26">n</span><span class="style7">2 sin </span><span class="style26">r</span><span class="style7"> where </span><span class="style26">n</span><span class="style7">1 and </span><span class="style26">n</span><span class="style7">2 are the refractive indices of the materials (the sine of an angle is explained on pp. 62-3). Basically, the </span><span class="style26">refractive index</span><span class="style7"> of a material determines how much it will refract light.The refractive index of a material is often expressed relative to another material. If no other material is quoted, the refractive index is assumed to be relative to air. The refractive index of a medium can also be derived as the ratio of the speed of light in a vacuum to the speed of light in the medium. The refractive index for a typical optical glass is 1.6, whereas the refractive index of diamond is about 2.4 in visible light.</span></text>
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<text><span class="style10">. Reflection and refraction.</span><span class="style7"></span></text>
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<text>ΓÇó THE HISTORY OF ASTRONOMYΓÇó QUANTUM THEORY AND RELATIVITYΓÇó WAVE THEORYΓÇó ELECTROMAGNETISMΓÇó ATOMS AND SUBATOMIC PARTICLESΓÇó PHOTOGRAPHY AND FILMΓÇó RADIO, TELEVISION AND VIDEOΓÇó TELECOMMUNICATIONSΓÇó SEEING THE INVISIBLE</text>